Hi guys !!!!!!!!!!!!!
I must admit that I have neglected my blog a bit so it is true that this is the post of 2nd class while in reality already was held 3 !!!!! Well patience!! Go ahead ...
also very funny thing happened. It 'is well known that those who are about to follow any course would like to learn everything there is to know in less than two classes and I must say that we are not aspiring sommelier for less!
Towards the end of the class is indeed chaos broke out: the whole audience began to ask questions and affermzioni burst ... ... .. "But the arches are a sign of softness?" ... "This wine is more" transparent "the other" .... "Who produces this wine?" Etc.. Poor Mary and Tom had to literally hold us at bay reiterating, not infrequently, we still have many lessons before, and then there is time for everything! We must not get excited!! Be calm ....
fact he also told us not to end up when Albanian Antonio is part of an "expert" sommelier ... hahaha
But we talk about topics of the lesson . In particular, Mary has concentrated on:
1. screw: its development and diffusion around the world
2. phylloxera rootstock and
3. Propagation Techniques
4. Types of Graft
5. Plants ungrafted
6. Rooted
7. Life Cycle of the Vine
8. annual cycle of the Vine
9. The main farming systems
THE SCREW: its development and diffusion around the world ;
Sumerian writing from the first half of the third millennium BC, confirming that the screw was already then cultivated to produce wine.
In the drawing below are the history and characteristics of the botanical family Vitaceae.
of the family Vitaceae or Ampelidacee are approximately 50 genera. Those classed as Vitis , is divided into two subgenres: Moscadiniae and Euvitis . The latter is what interests the viticulture within its 7 series, there are 22 species, divided into 3 groups according to their geographical origin: American vines, vines East Asian and Eurasian screws. One of the 22 species is the European Vitis vinifera which includes two subspecies, the V. vinifera silvestris (including the wild vines of Central and South America, western Asia and northern Africa) and V. vinifera sativa (to which belong all the varieties cultivated today).
To understand: If we speak of Fiano, Aglianico, Falanghina, Greek, etc. Piedirosso, we talk about varieties that all belong to Vitis vinifera sativa subspecies. In fact
silvestris was the first subspecies that has been developed and was characterized by having plants with female flowers and plants with male flowers. Then with the evolution of this species has developed a plant that had flowers on themselves completely male and female (note the subspecies sativa).
Man breeder preferred to "grow" and develop plants that produce the fruit directly !!!!!
important from the point of view of viticulture are also other species of the subgenus Euvitis : the lambusca , which in its area of \u200b\u200borigin, North America, is still used such as grape wine, while others - r upestris, riparian, berlandieri, also originating in the Americas-are used as rootstocks, as resistant to phylloxera.
phylloxera EI Rootstocks
Originally from the American continent, the phylloxera (Phylloxera Castratrix) is an aphid arrived in Europe between 1858 and 1869 thanks to the steamboats that allowed to cross the Atlantic in less than ten days, long enough to survive the terrible parasite.
This insect causes damage to the screw at the European radical galling gnarled and consequent loss of absorbent capacity and leaf level where galls that appear to erupt beneath the surface causing a lumpy and uneven. The damage is so substantial that a radical level that leads to plant death.
From France, the phylloxera spread rapidly throughout Europe literally destroying the vineyards.
The problem of phylloxera, very serious for the European wine industry, gave rise at the end 800 to the promulgation of a series of measures to contain and fight, but proved ineffective.
The brilliant idea comes from Professor Planchoin of Montpellier, which identifies the source and make sure American phylloxera centuries of coexistence have allowed the American vines to develop effective defensive weapons as the roots of European vines, were (and are) sensitive to the sting of this insect.
solution , seemingly simple was to engage portions of the branch of European vinifera such as Falanghina (called slips) on a stem (called a foot or rootstock) of lives American. C ome said before there are several American vitis and it is possible that the rootstock is given by the union of 2-3 vitis U.S. or euro-American hybrid.
To achieve the right balance, it took years of study and, unfortunately, too many sacrifices: the map of vineyards in Europe is completely different, and many varieties as "pre-phylloxera" have now disappeared.
addition, many studies have been conducted to create and rootstocks with different characteristics, adaptable to various soils, more or less productive, with different resistance to drought, moisture , disease, heat, cold, mineral deficiencies and soil organisms. In this way, at the time of planting the grower has the option to choose for his ideal foot screws in relation to soil conditions and climate and its productive purpose.
PROPAGATION TECHNIQUES
To play new screws, does not consider the use of seed (seeds). In fact the form of paintings normally gives rise to propagation of the plants, while always screws, may nevertheless present a significantly different character from the mother plant (ie, the vine that produced the seed).
So excluding this technique will remain two to play and that is cutting and graft.
For means cutting a piece of one-year shoots with at least 2 buds, planted vertically in the ground, emitting roots from the bottom and a sprout from the top.
Grafting is a method of multiplying, which is to merge parts of different plants to form a single individual . So in very simple words: you merge a branch of ivy vine with a European, so you get two pieces that are not yet a single individual (because there is yet the root system), but will become a time that this individual will be planted in the ground.
Finally you will find that the lower portion is the rootstock of American lives and will come to the surface of the grape varieties you want.
TYPES OF GRAFT
PLANTS ungrafted
The technique for cutting gives rise to these screws ungrafted (ie without rootstocks) equipped with high quality and undisputed, but is a major limitation in poor resistance to phylloxera. However, this technique is still present in some situations where phylloxera did not take root well and one of these environments is represented by those with a sandy texture soils (for example, in the Campania region of Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei). The sand in fact limits the spread of the insect due to the abrasive action of its grains.
There is a difference between the grafted plants and those ungrafted? It 'obvious that you always get the same variety and the fundamental characteristics do not change. Much depends on the approach that the plant has with the environment so it is difficult to answer. The only certainty is that the plant has engaged a productive life of about 40 years while the free foot may extend beyond this period by far.
In fact today the creation of an installation is done with cuttings.
The barbatella is a grafted seedlings a year. Through a graft vines unite American and European vines. These maps are then brought in the tanks with special conditions such that moisture to form a callus healing, then cutting these grafts are placed in the ground to root for about a year, then removed and sold as cuttings.
THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE VINE
From the moment you realize the vineyard begins unproductive phase that lasts 3 years. Obviously, the branches begin to sprout clusters of small, but they are sent away because we should dwell more on development than on vegetative production.
from 4th to 5th year we have a phase of increasing productivity.
from 5 ° to 20 ° -25 ° year there is a phase of almost constant productivity, during which the screw is considered an adult.
From 25 through 40 years old being there.
THE ANNUAL CYCLE OF THE VINE
The screw also runs an annual cycle that includes a sub-cycle and a growing production.
The subcycle vegetative occurs when the soil temperature warms up usually in March. The sap starts to climb down the trunk and emerges from the pruning wounds ( tears of the vine). In this way, trunk and branches regain the water and minerals lost during the winter.
Twenty to thirty days after the phase of the grapevine starts sprouting : first the buds swell and open, until the leaves appear.
grow leaves and grow new shoots. The vegetation continues until August, when we enter the phase August or maturation of the shoot. Slowly until the end of November, the branch turns brown and woody.
After the harvest in November and December fall leaves (defoliation phase) and the screw enters the resting phase winter, which will run until March.
same period, the screw follows a subcycle production . Between April and May has the appearance of Grappolini, their development and completion with the formation of flowers, the pollen differentiation and acts of ova for fertilization;
From mid-May to June flowering starts , which loads the stalks of flowers, with the opening of the flowers and fertilization. The fertilization may be affected by frost and rain.
from every fertilized flower develops a berry (fruit set ). The yield berry / berries varies with the variety and seasonal conditions: it is considered a normal fruit set by 25%. The rest of the inflorescence falls: is the phenomenon of leaking.
As long as clusters, swelling remain green, a few chemical transformations occurring in them. When the skin of the berries change color (veraison ).
After veraison, the berries grow for storage of sugars and other compounds (polyphenols, minerals, amino acids, etc..), And for storage of water. The berries ripening from mid-August to mid September to October, depending on the vines, which are considered early for this, such as pinot noir, pinot blanc, pinot grigio and chardonnay, or late as barbera, cabernet sauvignon, black d'Avola, Nebbiolo Negroamaro.
MAJOR SYSTEMS OF BREEDING
Awning: a farming system with high vigor, and production no longer so common. Each screw is 5 meters away on the other also each plant develops a large number of shoots and clusters. This means that not all the grapes can ripen simultaneously.
Cordon : The screw is shown on the rope with a rope fixed-bearing spurs which branch off 6-10 with 3-4 buds left empty. During spring and summer must be careful with pruning green shoots that will bind to the wires above. Winter pruning is done by removing the branches that have fruited and renewing the spurs from the proximal branch pruning This form will be simplified in the years ahead as it will only spur renewed annually.
Guyot : I found this video very comprehensive ....
Sapling : pruning system in which the stem of the vine is kept at a height of 30 - 40 cm . On it are kept several branches each carrying one or more spurs with 1-2 buds. And 'the system adopted usually in warm regions, where water is scarce (Campania here in this form is present in Ischia, but also in Puglia and Spain and southern France), but is also present in cold regions (if we speak of Pimonte 'northern Italy but also France) because it allows you to take advantage of the accumulated heat from the ground.
GDC: the Geneva Double Curtain provides plant growth up to five feet in height and then the formation of two branches perpendicular to the direction of the row, supported by mobile media focused on poles close to the stumps. At the end of the media industries deviate and are supported by two parallel wires. The buds fall down without being tied. E 'one form of farming where you tip more for the introduction of mechanical harvesting
1 comments:
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